 Robert
Browning was born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell (a suburb of London), the
first child of Robert and Sarah Anna Browning. His mother was a fervent
Evangelical and an accomplished pianist. Mr. Browning had angered his own
father and forgone a fortune: the poet's grandfather had sent his son to
oversee a West Indies sugar plantation, but the young man had found the
institution of slavery so abhorrent that he gave up his prospects and
returned home, to become a clerk in the Bank of England. On this very modest
salary he was able to marry, raise a family, and to acquire a library of
6000 volumes. He was an exceedingly well-read man who could recreate the
seige of Troy with the household chairs and tables for the benefit of his
inquisitive son.
Indeed, most of the poet's education came at home. He was an extremely
bright child and a voracious reader (he read through all fifty volumes of
the Biographie Universelle ) and learned Latin, Greek, French and
Italian by the time he was fourteen. He attended the University of London in
1828, the first year it opened, but left in discontent to pursue his own
reading at his own pace. This somewhat idiosyncratic but extensive education
has led to difficulties for his readers: he did not always realize how
obscure were his references and allusions.
In the 1830's he met the actor William Macready and tried several times
to write verse drama for the stage. At about the same time he began to
discover that his real talents lay in taking a single character and allowing
him to discover himself to us by revealing more of himself in his speeches
than he suspects-the characteristics of the dramatic monologue. The reviews
of Paracelsus (1835) had been mostly encouraging, but the difficulty
and obscurity of his long poem Sordello (1840) turned the critics
against him, and for many years they continued to complain of obscurity even
in his shorter, more accessible lyrics.
In 1845 he saw Elizabeth Barrett's Poems and contrived to meet
her. Although she was an invalid and very much under the control of a
domineering father, the two married in September 1846 and a few days later
eloped to Italy, where they lived until her death in 1861. The years in
Florence were among the happiest for both of them. Her love for him was
demonstrated in the Sonnets from the Portugese, and to her he
dedicated Men and Women, which contains his best poetry. Public
sympathy for him after her death (she was a much more popular poet during
their lifetimes) surely helped the critical reception of his Collected
Poems (1862) and Dramatis Personae (1863). The Ring and the Book
(1868-9), based on an "old yellow book" which told of a Roman murder and
trial, finally won him considerable popularity. He and Tennyson were now
mentioned together as the foremost poets of the age. Although he lived and
wrote actively for another twenty years, the late '60s were the peak of his
career. His influence continued to grow, however, and finally lead to the
founding of the Browning Society in 1881. He died in 1889, on the same day
that his final volume of verse, Asolando, was published. He is buried in
Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.
by Glenn Everett
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